Accent Reduction/General American

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DialectsCoach.com
John Rustan, PhD
707-536-6276    
rustan50@hotmail.com

John Rustan, Dialect Coach -- DialectsCoach.com

WHAT IS ACCENT REDUCTION?
Accent Reduction is the process of understanding how a person’s spoken English differs from General American speech.  General American is a term for the way the majority of American’s speak.  It is an accent which does not have any distinct regional or ethnic characteristics.  
 
Whether from another country, or from another region of the United States, some people wish to sound closer to the accent that most American's speak.  This can be for reasons of employment opportunities, basic understandability, or for other personal reasons. It can also be for an acting role.   
 
THE PROCESS OF ACCENT REDUCTION
 
Diagnosis

• A recording of a diagnostic reading is made.  A diagnostic reading has all of the sounds of speech as they would normally arise in English. 
• ​Evaluation of your current relationship to General American.
• How each vowel and consonant sound compares.
• How your tempo, rhythms, intonation patterns, and articulation (or enunciation) compare.  
• A thorough evaluation of every vowel, diphthong and consonant sound of General American using a handout containing each sound and drilling the sounds in various contexts and spellings.

 
Sound Formation

• The mechanics of how you form sounds using your tongue, lips, glottal area, and other articulators in your mouth. * 
• How to make adjustments to make them sound more American.  

*(An example is the voiced and unvoiced “th” sounds.  In American speech these are formed with the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, drawing back as the consonant is made.  In many dialects this sound is made with the tongue placed on the back of the teeth, rather than being drawn through, resulting in a sound closer to a "d" or a "t".  Some Irish natives say "I think so" sounding more like "I tink so" )  There's nothing wrong with it, it is merely different than a General American accent.) 
 
Drills
After the individual vowel, diphthong and consonant issues are addressed, drills are given for the client to work on.  It takes a great deal of practice to change the physical muscle memory of the way you’ve spoken all of your life.  It also requires patience. 
 
Intonation
American intonation is the next thing to address.  This involves:

• Noting when, and for what effect, Americans go up or down in pitch. (Some languages do not use pitch and give equal stress to each word and syllable).  
• How strongly Americans accentuate key words.
• What methods Americans use to “point” key words.
• How pointing key words and using variation in pitch, tempo, rhythm and volume make for interesting and dynamic speaking and help get meaning across.
• How words get run together to create flow.

Listening and Imitation
We learn speech as children by listening and imitating sounds.  It is important not to forget this as a tool for learning.  Clients are given recordings and/or directed to sources of listening and imitating. This is especially important for American intonation and flow.
 
How long will it take to sound more American or to lose an accent?
This is difficult to answer because each client is an individual and there are many variables, such as:

• How strong is the regional or foreign accent to begin with?
• Facility with the English language if it is your second language.
• How good of an “ear” you have for sounds and your ability to imitate.
• How much you listen to, and practice imitating, the samples that are given or suggested.
• How much you practice the drills on the handouts given.  
• What your goals are.

After a point, you will have much to work on by yourself.  So you may not need as many lessons.  You may want an occasional lesson to get feedback and work trouble spots.  Time and progress depend, to a great extent, on how much you practice.  

Goals
Much of the outcome depends on your goal:

• Do you wish to completely eliminate all traces of any other accent?  
• Do you wish to merely be able to sound more understandable to others with whom you interact?
• Are you looking to acquire a General American accent situationally in order to get a part in a stage play or movie.  You may wish to be in the next  James Bond movie -- or you may wish to play something other than James Bond  (see side bars).  

​Whatever your goal, I can help you learn what you need to work on.  

ACCENT REDUCTION is possible, even if it is 
difficult [not impossible] to lose your native accent altogether.  
 
The short answer is because you are hard-wired from before birth to speak the native language your mother speaks, and past a certain developmental point, you're somewhat locked in. Change will take work.

Here's the more detailed answer:
 
John Colapinto, in his well-researched and excellent book, This is the Voice, addresses the issue of changing a native accent.  He states that babies are learning lessons on the prosody (intonation, stress pattern, loudness variations, pausing, and rhythm) of their native tongue from their mothers while still in the womb:
 
" . . . after two months of intense focus on the mother's vocal signal in the womb, a newborn emerges into the world clearly recognizing the mother's voice and showing a marked preference for it." (Colapinto, John This is the Voice, Simon & Shuster, 2021, p. 26).
 
Colapinto further states that newborns can detect very subtle differences in sounds that adults cannot.  They come into the world ready to learn any language.  (28)
 
"But after a few months, babies lose the ability to hear speech sounds not relevant to their native tongue [my emphasis] -- which has huge implications for how infants sound when they start speaking. . . . All of which is to say that the developing brain works on a 'use it or lose it' basis.  Circuitry not activated by environmental stimuli (mom's and dad's voices) is pruned away.  (28-29)
 
Babies then learn further details from what Colapinto calls motherese, basically baby talk:
 
 "Pitch peaks on specific words, extended pauses between words, and long-drawn vowels are . . . all part of a system to help babies segment the speech stream, hear how grammar works, and detect the specific tongue and lip positions that distinguish and ee from an oo, or an ah from an uh . . . these prosodic exaggerations are adopted by parents in all cultures and languages and . . . every adult uses them when talking to babies (whether they're aware of it or not). " (37)
 
All of this is to say that our native accent is "hard-wired" into us in the womb and during our infancy, and past a certain point we lose the ability to easily hear speech sounds not relevant to our native tongue.  
 
If, during the crucial developing phase, you learned to place your tongue on the back of the teeth to say voiced and unvoiced th, then it will take effort and practice to learn to stop doing that, and instead place the tongue between the teeth and draw it back as you pronounce the consonant sound.  
 
This is why accent reduction work takes courageous, concentrated effort, over time, and can be very frustrating.  It can be done. There simply is no quick and easy way.  Colapinto sites the old joke: "How many therapists does it take to change a light bulb?  Answer:  Just one -- but the light bulb has to really want to change, and then he points out that  "people who want to change their accent after puberty really have to want to change" by submitting to intensive training and practice.  ​

SUMMARY OF SERVICE
You get:  

• Listening and recorded diagnostics.
• Sound by sound adjustment
• Personal Feedback
• Printed materials and recorded samples, (including diagnostic recordings of client). 
•  Rate:  $130/hr. ​

Work can be done in-person* (if vaccinated), or via video conference.

​* Note:  For individual coaching in-studio, those under 18 years of age must be accompanied by an adult. ​

JAMES BOND ACTRESS, HONOR BLACKMAN, CHOSE ACCENT WORK OVER NEW BIKE
When she was young, the late actress, Honor Blackman's father gave her a choice of a brand new bicycle or lessons to change her Cockney dialect.  She chose the lessons.  The rest is history as she became a "memorable James Bond adversary" in the film ​Goldfinger. Here's a link to the full article.   (New York Times, April 6, 2020)

Honor Blackman in Goldfinger, lost her Cockney Accent to become an actress in Films and TV.

Non-American Actors Who Have Learned American Accents 

Daniel Craig learned Southern American (North Carolina) Dialect for role in Logan Lucky.

Here are just a few:
Daniel Craig (British)
James McAvoy (Scottish)
​Christian Bale (British)
Colin Farrell (Irish)
Damian Lewis (Welsh/British)
Robert Taylor - Longmire (Australian)
Kelly Reilly –Yellowstone – (British)
Nicole Kiddman (Australian)
Eddie Marsan – Ray Donnovan – (British)
Toni Collette (Australian)
Jamie Dornan (Northern Irish)
KJ Apa (New Zealander)
Katherine Langford (Australian)
Alfred Enoch (British)
Yael Stone (Australian)
Rosamund Pike (British)
Margot Robbie (Australian)
Catherine Zeta-Jones (Welsh)
Dominic West (British)
Ruth Wilson (British)
Daniel Day Lewis (British)
Rose Byrne (Australian)
Hugh Laurie (British)
Matthew Rhys (Welsh)
Millie Bobby Brown (British)
Kate Winslet (British)
Idris Elba (British)
Florence Pugh (British)
Daniel Kuluuya (British)
Alan Cumming (Scottish)